When the sacred bull died it was mummified with the same care given a king. He was the supreme deity worshipped at the famous Serapeum nearby the Library of Alexandria.

As god of wetlands he was associated with fertility and procreation but, as the crocodile god, also with unexpected death. Shepet - A protective goddess who was an aspect of the hippopotamine deities Reret or Taweret worshipped at Dendera. Hu is often seen as a representation of the power of Heka or Atum and is depicted in funerary texts guiding the soul to the afterlife. He is shown as the husband of Isis and father of Horus in early inscriptions and so is associated with Osiris. Taweret is a goddess of childbirth and fertility who was very popular throughout Egypt's history. She was the daughter of Ra and, in some stories, wife of Horus the Elder.

Ipy - A Mother Goddess associated in some texts with the mother of Osiris, also known as Opet and "The Great Opet". The Greenfield Papyrusby The Trustees of the British Museum (Copyright). Anti - A Hawk god of Upper Egypt sometimes associated with Anat.

In this capacity, she appeared as a fire-breathing cobra who drove away the enemies of the king. Storms, earthquakes, floods, and dry periods all seemed inexplicable, yet the people realized acutely that natural forces had an impact on human affairs. In the afterlife he stands with Osiris and keeps records in the Hall of Truth at the ritual of the Weighing of the Heart. Although the name 'Horus' might refer to a number of avian deities it principally designates two: Horus the Elder, one of the first five gods born at the beginning of creation, and Horus the Younger who was the son of Osiris and Isis.

Dedun - A protector god of resources, specifically of goods coming from Nubia. The goddess Neith was originally a war goddess who became the epitome of the Mother Goddess, a nurturing figure, to whom the gods would turn to settle their disputes. The experience of death required some explanation and meaning which was provided by a belief in higher powers. Atum (Ra) is depicted in early inscriptions as a serpent, and later he is the serpent-as-sun-god (or a sun deity protected by a serpent) who battles the forces of chaos symbolized by the serpent Apophis. Totemism evolved out of local association with a certain plant or animal. In his association with Ra he appeared as a child, symbolizing the morning sun, and as an adult representing later day. She was also referred to as Uajyt in her aggressive form and was the counter-balance to the more motherly Nekhbet, her sister. The heart was believed to be the center of one's personality and spirit, and once it was eaten, the soul ceased to exist. Bunson explains: The Egyptians believed firmly that death was just a doorway to another form of existence, so they acknowledged the possibility that those who had died were more powerful in their resurrected state. She was worshipped as a cow-goddess in the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE) associated with Sirius. Kagemni - A vizier to the king Sneferu (c. 2613-2589 BCE) who wrote the wisdom text known as Instructions of Kagemni. He slept until he was needed by Hraf-Hef, the surly Divine Ferryman. Although these developments are sometimes noted below, the gods are generally described in the roles they were best known for at the peak of their popularity. Astarte - Phoenician goddess of fertility and sexuality, often closely equated with Aphrodite of the Greeks, Inanna/Ishtar of Mesopotamia, and Sauska of the Hittites; referred to as Queen of Heaven. Osiris, for example, was most likely a fertility god in the Predynastic Period of Egypt (c. 6000-3150 BCE) but was already understood as the First King by the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150-2613 BCE) and was the most popular god in Egypt during the time of the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BCE) at the same time that Amun was considered King of the Gods. His association with the Sphinx of Giza comes from these foreign workers who believed the Sphinx represented Haurun and built a shrine to their god in front of the statue. Isis returns Osiris to life but, because he is incomplete, descends to the underworld as Lord of the Dead.


Hatmehit (Hatmehyt) - She was a fish goddess worshipped in the Delta region of Mendes. Anubis - God of the dead associated with embalming. Out of these endless, depthless waters rose the primordial mound (the ben-ben). She was eventually absorbed into Isis. Her name means "The Female Scribe" and she was the consort of Thoth, god of wisdom and writing (though sometimes she is depicted as his daughter). She is usually represented as a serpent but later as a woman wearing the uraeus with horns and the sun disk overhead. The other gods implored Ra to stop her destruction before no humans were left to benefit from the lesson. Amunhotep (Amenhotep), Son of Hapu - God of healing and wisdom. She was already pregnant by Geb, however, and gave birth to the first five gods: Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, and Horus. Bibliography Mark, Joshua J. She holds a writing implement in her right hand and the notched palm stalk representing the years' passage in her left. The work was so brilliant it was considered the work of a god and he was deified after death.

Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. She was worshipped during the period of the Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 BCE) as a life-giving spirit who also protected the souls of the dead in the afterlife. As historian Margaret Bunson writes: The Egyptians lived with forces that they did not understand. Animism not only concerned higher cosmic forces and earth energy but the souls of those who had died. These creatures had nowhere to live and so Shu and Tefnut mated to give birth to Geb (earth) and Nut (sky). The story of Menhit, Onuris, and the Eye of Ra is an example of the Distant Goddess motif where the eye leaves Ra and returns or is returned, bringing transformation. Naunet is his female aspect and consort. License. 27 Oct 2020. The spirits of nature were thus deemed powerful in view of the damage they could inflict on humans (98). He existed before the gods and was present in the act of creation although, in later myths, he is seen as the son of Menhet and Khnum and part of the triad of Latopolis. Balance was an important concept to the ancient Egyptians and the numbers two, four, and eight figure significantly in representations of the deities (as do three, six, and nine). Shu - The primordial god of the air whose name means "Emptiness". She is depicted as a woman with the head of a lion. Like many other ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses that were eventually assimilated with their local/regional versions, Amun was later merged with Ra into Amun-Ra which remained the chief god throughout the period of ancient Egypt. His name means "First of the Westerners" (also given as "Foremost of the Westerners") in reference to his role as a god of the dead (associated with the west). Sobek is one of the best known gods of ancient Egypt and was extremely popular in his time. He was lord of the wild animals and weapons and so could control both to protect a person who invoked his name. This text was recited regularly at festivals, services, and funerals throughout Egypt. Thoth, the god of wisdom, gambled with Iah, god of the moon, and won five days worth of moonlight which he transformed into days. His name means "Beautiful Atum". In the Predynastic Period animism was the primary understanding of the universe, as it was with early people in any culture.
In the afterlife she helped guide the souls of the dead to paradise and protected a certain dangerous section of travel. The god of wisdom, writing and magic was most often portrayed as an ibis-headed man. It was associated with Osiris through the imagery of rebirth as the bird was closely connected to the sun which died each night and rose again the next morning.

He was the protector of kingship and the individual king. Hathor was most often portrayed as a woman with cow horns featuring uraneus (Wadjet and sun disc). His priesthood was the most powerful in Egypt and the position of God's Wife of Amun, given to royal women, almost on par with that of the pharaoh. Nu (Nun) and Naunet - Nu was the personification of the primordial chaos from which the world arose. Afterwards, it determined what would and would not be included in creation.

The gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt were an integral part of the people's everyday lives. Son of Nephthys and Osiris, father of Qebhet. Iabet - Goddess of fertility and rebirth, known as "She of the East" and sometimes associated with Amenet ("She of the West"). He protected the sun barge of Ra as it entered and left the underworld at dusk and dawn. He drives his sun barge across the heavens by day, showing another aspect of himself with each advance of the sun across the sky, and then dives into the underworld at evening where the barge is threatened by the primordial serpent Apep (Apophis) and must be defended by the other gods and souls of the justified dead.

The Greeks associated her with Aphrodite. Heka was the god of magic and medicine but was also the primordial force, pre-dating all the other gods, who enabled the act of creation and sustained both mortal and divine life. He was the creator-god and the patron deity of crafts and craftsmanship.

Set is best known as the world's first murderer in the Myth of Osiris where he kills his brother to usurp the throne. There were no doubt pockets of resistance to the new faith but the widespread veneration of the old gods was now a memory. His name means "Crocodile" and he was lord of marshes and wetlands and any other wet areas of Egypt. He was worshipped as the deity who protected one from snake bites and some form of Sepa was venerated in the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE). Ptah was usually depicted as a mummified figure with his hands protruding through the bandaging to hold a staff with the symbols of dominion and stability.

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