Researchers believe that the inhalation of dust particles in hot dry weather may damage nose and throat mucosa creating favourable conditions for bacterial infection. Sand and dust storms usually occur when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from bare, dry soils into the atmosphere. Over the last decade, scientists have come to realize the impacts on climate, human health, the environment and many socio-econimic sectors. If you can't pull off the roadway, proceed at a speed suitable for visibility, turn on lights and sound horn occasionally. Dust can also scour aircraft surfaces and damage engines.

Airborne dust functions in a manner similar to the greenhouse effect: it absorbs and scatters solar radiation entering Earth’s atmosphere, reducing the amount reaching the surface, and absorbs long-wave radiation bouncing back up from the surface, re-emitting it in all directions. Again, the ability of dust particles to absorb solar radiation depends on their size, shape and mineralogical and chemical composition. Airborne dust presents serious risks for human health. They are usually caused by thunderstorms – or strong pressure gradients associated with cyclones – which increase wind speed over a wide area. Surface dust deposits are a source of micro-nutrients for both continental and maritime ecosystems. Sand and dust storms are common meteorological hazards in arid and semi-arid regions.
Depending on weather and climate, dust can remain suspended in air for days, causing allergy outbreaks far from their source. © 2020 World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System (Forecast Maps), about Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System (Forecast Maps), WMO_Airborne_Dust_Bulletin_March_2017_.png, Airborne Dust: A Hazard to Human Health, Environment and Society, The Impacts of Atmospheric Deposition to the Ocean on Marine Ecosystems and Climate, Air Quality and Human Health, a Priority for Joint Action, News at WMO SDS-WAS Regional Centre for Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe, Sand and dust stom videos playlist on WMO Youtube, High-resolution dust modelling over complex terrains in West Asia, Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System: Science Progress Report. Dust particles, especially if coated by pollution, act as condensation nuclei for warm cloud formation and as efficient ice nuclei agents for cold cloud generation. Don't enter the dust storm area if you can avoid it. A global model assessment in 2014 estimated that exposure to dust particles caused about 400 000 premature deaths by cardiopulmonary disease in the over 30 population.

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-dust-storm-and-sand-storm.html

The vertical distribution of dust in the air (vertical profile) and the characteristics of the underlying surface are also required to quantify this impact. These strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from bare, dry soils into the atmosphere, transporting them hundreds to thousands of kilometres away.

Poor visibility conditions are a danger during aircraft landing and taking off – landings may be diverted and departures delayed. The main sources of these mineral dusts are the arid regions of Northern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia and China. Dust also plays a role in the transmission of valley fever – a potentially deadly disease – in the Southwest of the United States and in the Northern Mexico by acting as a transporter of Coccidioides fungi spores. Particles larger than 10 μm are not breathable, thus can only damage external organs – mostly causing skin and eye irritations, conjunctivitis and enhanced susceptibility to ocular infection. They can then be transported by winds for lengths of time, depending on their size and meteorological conditions, before being pulled back down to the surface again. However, finer particles may penetrate the lower respiratory tract and enter the bloodstream, where they can affect all internal organs and be responsible for cardiovascular disorders.

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